sábado, 7 de junio de 2008

Gastronomia Molecular y Cocina del futuro

Gastronomía molecular, tiene total relación con las propiedades físico-químicas de los alimentos y los procesos tecnológicos a los que se someten los alimentos, los que pueden ser batido, gelificación, aumento de la viscosidad, por mencionar algunos, y todo de ello va a depender de los ingredientes que se seleccionen y las mezclas que se hagan entre ellos. Los alimentos a su vez son ingredientes orgánicos, compuestos por proteínas, hidratos de carbono, lípidos, minerales, vitaminas y que cuando son sometidos a procesamiento son capaces de manisfestar sus propiedades, ya sea como espumas, emulsiones, geles u otras estructuras que en la gastronomía se pueden manifestar infinitamente, dado que en ella se está constantemente creando.

En 1932, el poeta Filippo Tommaso Marinetti publicó su "Manifiesto de la cocina Futurista", donde argumentaba en contra de las pastas italianas por ser demasiado tradicionales y proponía reemplazarlas por recetas con ingredientes como grasas sintéticas y vitaminas. El italiano decía, además, que no eran necesarios los cocineros, las comidas tenían que ser imaginadas por pintores. A estas recetas de platos disparatados como por "Solución de Alaska a los rayos del Sol, con salsa de Marte" las llamó "conjuntos plásticos comestibles".

Siete décadas y media después, las innovaciones de los chef más prestigiosos del mundo no parecen estar muy alejadas de la idea de Marinetti. Recientemente, muchos de ellos se reunieron en la V Cumbre Internacional de Gastronomía, Madrid Fusión en la que los temas dominantes fueron : la importancia de las materias primas, los jardines comestibles (la naturaleza como despensa) y la gastronomía molecular que investiga los aspectos físicos y químicos de los alimentos.

Uno de estos cocineros innovadores es Juan Mari Arzak que adoptó de los orientales el minimalismo en las presentaciones y la utilización de la menor cantidad de ingredientes posibles. El chef utiliza CO2 (dióxido de carbono, gas que se utiliza para hacer soda) para cocinar. Una de sus recetas es el burbujeante "Batido de Fresa con CO2". En Madrid Fusión de 2004, había utilizado una cafetera exprés para aromatizar con hierbas un langostino. Este año hizo surgir pompas (como las de jabón) de una mezcla de frutas y leche aderezadas con especias.

El catalán Ferran Adrià es quizás el más famoso de los chef vanguardistas, sus recetas incluyen: polvo de palomitas, caviar de café, mojito en sifón, lentejas de miel y leche eléctrica. Adrià tiene un restaurant llamado El Bulli y es considerado el mejor del mundo. Lo llaman "el alquimista de la cocina".


Montse Estruch, otra catalana dueña del restó El Cingle, en Barcelona, se especializa en recetas con flores y sorprendió en Madrid Fusión por su pescado San Pedro envuelto en celofán comestible.

El estadounidense Grant Achatz prepara hojas de puré de garbanzos untando la pasta en una lámina dura de plástico y congelándola. También sirve un plato de parafina con caldo y una aguja clavada en la que va pinchada una papa. El chef tiene un restaurant llamado Alinea, en Chicago, en el que ofrece un menú de cocina molecular.


Seiji Yamamoto del restaurante Ryugin, en Tokio inventó las "salsas de diseño": dibuja un código de barras o una hoja de periódico en un plato con tinta de calamar. Además utiliza una técnica llamada "ikesime" para sacrificar los pescados y evitar el rigor mortis.

El chef Homaru Cantu, del restaurant Moto de Chicago, tiene una impresora en la cocina e imprime papel comestible (de soja) con tinta de calamar o de tomate con la imagen de una bandeja de sushi o de una hamburguesa. No es el único que prepara este tipo de plato, también lo hacen Charlie Trotter, Thomas Séller, Wylie Dufresne y Josh DeChellis. Algunos hasta utilizan vajilla comestible.

Las posibilidades parecen hacerse infinitas en la cocina moderna que algunos denominaron "nueva nouvelle cuisine". Existen nuevas texturas, presentaciones e ingredientes como el nitrógeno líquido (ver recuadro), helio, alginato sódico o cloruro de calcio, hasta se habla de métodos de cocción con rayo láser. En el nuevo milenio, los chef han devenido en investigadores, casi científicos. Las recetas de la abuela parecen haber quedado atrás, pero todavía quedan los que defienden la tradición como el español Santi Santamaría, que en la última edición de Madrid Fusión sorprendió a todos criticando a la vanguardia con una frase demoledora: "la buena cocina se defeca".



Publicado en : http://www.ciudad.com.ar/nota.aspx?id=01289803

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